Modes of Operation
The linux operating system used for the PARTICLE DAQ system can be used either in a terminal mode where you type commands or in a Windows Explorer style graphical user interface (GUI).
The Explorer-like GUI can be used for file manipulation functions (e.g., copying a file to a floppy) or deleting or moving files on the disk. It cannot be used to run the PARTICLE DAQ itself.
To begin using the Explorer-like GUI, double click on the icons on the Desktop. For the most part, Explorer mode will be familiar from Windows or MAC OS, so with a few exceptions, this information will not focus on this. Where something is much more easily done from Explorer mode, it will be highlighted here.
To begin working in the terminal mode, you will need to open a terminal. This can be accomplished by clicking on the terminal icon in the bottom icon bar, by using the main menu (footprint icon in lower left of bottom icon bar) System Tools -> New Terminal.
The Manual (terminal mode)
man-This command brings up the online Unix manual. Use it on each of the commands below.
For Example:
man pwd-You will see the manual for the pwd command.
Accessing files in Folders (Directories) in terminal mode
pwd - Shows what directory (folder) you are in.
In Linux, your home directory is /home/particle
Let's suppose you have several data files (data1, data2 ... etc.) in a directory called muondata.
Then suppose the directory muondata is an entry in your main home directory, /home/particle .
If you are in your home directory (where terminals start) and type pwd, you will see /home/particle.
If you were in the muondata directory, pwd would give you /home/particle/muondata instead
The last slash after a directory name is optional.
As you can see, each slash (/) indicates another sub-directory.
cd-Changes directories.
Examples of relative movement among directories:
cd muondata-Moves down from your current directory into the muondata sub-directory
cd ..-Moves up one directory (yes, include the two little dots)
You can also move directly into directories
cd /home/particle/muondata-Moves from ANY directory into the muondata sub-directory of your home directory.
cd ~ -Takes you back to your home directory
(/home/particle)
Making or Removing a Directory (terminal mode)
mkdir dirName-Creates a directory with name dirName.
For Example:
mkdir temp-Creates the directory temp.
rmdir dirName-Removes a directory dirName.
For Example:
rmdir temp-Removes the directory temp.
Looking at or Finding your Files (terminal mode)
ls-Lists files.
If you add -al after ls it will give more details for each file. Such as, size, permissions, owners, dates etc.
ls al-You'll see a huge list of files that you can't see with the 'ls' command alone and lots of details.
If you see such a long list of files that they scroll off the terminal screen, one way to solve the problem is to use:
ls -al |more Shows one screen of file names at a time.
less data1 Dumps the contents of the data1 file to your screen with a pause at each line so you don't miss any contents as they scroll. You may move through the file using page up, page down, home and end keys. When done with less you use the q key to get back to the main terminal.
whereis data1 Shows you the location of the data1 file.
Altering your Files
rm data1 Deletes the file data1 in the current directory.
rm -i muon* Removes all of your muon data files
(careful!! rm * will remove ALL your files)
The "-i" makes the computer prompt before removing each file. If you really want to work without a net, omit the "-i".
cp data1 newdata/ will copy the file data1 to the directory newdata (assuming it has already been created)
mv data1 newdata/ moves the file data1 to the folder newdata and deletes the old one.
Using the Floppy Disk Drive in Linux
The simplest way to access the floppy drive under Linux is to use the Explorer-like interface. However, there is a very important detail! To access the files on the disk, you have to mount the floppy disk, which means that the operating system will scan the disk so that it can recognize the files on it. Although your computer will be perfectly happy to allow you to remove the disk by pushing the eject key on the laptop floppy drive, this may result in unexpected actions unless you unmount the disk. For example, your files may be only partly there or not there at all! (This is no different then under Windows or DOS; its just that those operating systems hide that detail from you a little better. This is why, for example, you must eject floppy disks from the disk properties menu in Windows.)
In the Explorer interface, to mount the floppy, you just double click on the desktop icon. This will bring up a window with the contents of the floppy, and you may drag and drop files there, or take any other actions you would with normal files. (Note: unlike in Windows and MacOS, when you drag a file from your home area to the floppy, it moves the file instead of making a copy.)
To remove the disk, you must first right-click on the desktop icon, and select Unmount volume or Eject (either does the same thing). When this is complete (and it may take a long time since it may have to complete writing files to the floppy!), you may push the eject button on the floppy to remove it.
Things are more complicated by possible in the terminal mode:
mount Mounts a drive to the operating system.
Linux does not 'see' the floppy drive until
you tell it to.
For Example:
mount /mnt/floppy-Allows you to use the floppy drive which has directory name /mnt/floppy
cp aFile /mnt/floppy/-Copies the file aFile to the floppy disk.
ls /mnt/qfloppy/-Allows you to see what files are on your floppy.
You may run into problems moving large files onto a 1.44MB floppy disk. One option to fit larger files is to create a zip archive containing the file onto the floppy. For Example:
zip /mnt/floppy/myFile.zip muon.myDataRun -Moves the file muon.myDataRun into a zip file on the floppy named myFile.zip
After you are done and before you eject it (this is very, very important), you must unmount the floppy.
umount /mnt/qfloppy-Allows you to remove the floppy disk
Make sure you wait for the command prompt to reappear (this might take a few seconds) before ejecting the floppy.
If you eject the floppy before you unmount the floppy, it may corrupt the data on the floppy and cause the system to be confused if you try to use the floppy again.
If you make a mistake like this, it's probably best to reboot. Sorry.
df- Shows the disk usage. This will tell you how much disk space you have left on your hard drive as well as the floppy.
:so more commands are as follows :
The linux operating system used for the PARTICLE DAQ system can be used either in a terminal mode where you type commands or in a Windows Explorer style graphical user interface (GUI).
The Explorer-like GUI can be used for file manipulation functions (e.g., copying a file to a floppy) or deleting or moving files on the disk. It cannot be used to run the PARTICLE DAQ itself.
To begin using the Explorer-like GUI, double click on the icons on the Desktop. For the most part, Explorer mode will be familiar from Windows or MAC OS, so with a few exceptions, this information will not focus on this. Where something is much more easily done from Explorer mode, it will be highlighted here.
To begin working in the terminal mode, you will need to open a terminal. This can be accomplished by clicking on the terminal icon in the bottom icon bar, by using the main menu (footprint icon in lower left of bottom icon bar) System Tools -> New Terminal.
The Manual (terminal mode)
man-This command brings up the online Unix manual. Use it on each of the commands below.
For Example:
man pwd-You will see the manual for the pwd command.
Accessing files in Folders (Directories) in terminal mode
pwd - Shows what directory (folder) you are in.
In Linux, your home directory is /home/particle
Let's suppose you have several data files (data1, data2 ... etc.) in a directory called muondata.
Then suppose the directory muondata is an entry in your main home directory, /home/particle .
If you are in your home directory (where terminals start) and type pwd, you will see /home/particle.
If you were in the muondata directory, pwd would give you /home/particle/muondata instead
The last slash after a directory name is optional.
As you can see, each slash (/) indicates another sub-directory.
cd-Changes directories.
Examples of relative movement among directories:
cd muondata-Moves down from your current directory into the muondata sub-directory
cd ..-Moves up one directory (yes, include the two little dots)
You can also move directly into directories
cd /home/particle/muondata-Moves from ANY directory into the muondata sub-directory of your home directory.
cd ~ -Takes you back to your home directory
(/home/particle)
Making or Removing a Directory (terminal mode)
mkdir dirName-Creates a directory with name dirName.
For Example:
mkdir temp-Creates the directory temp.
rmdir dirName-Removes a directory dirName.
For Example:
rmdir temp-Removes the directory temp.
Looking at or Finding your Files (terminal mode)
ls-Lists files.
If you add -al after ls it will give more details for each file. Such as, size, permissions, owners, dates etc.
ls al-You'll see a huge list of files that you can't see with the 'ls' command alone and lots of details.
If you see such a long list of files that they scroll off the terminal screen, one way to solve the problem is to use:
ls -al |more Shows one screen of file names at a time.
less data1 Dumps the contents of the data1 file to your screen with a pause at each line so you don't miss any contents as they scroll. You may move through the file using page up, page down, home and end keys. When done with less you use the q key to get back to the main terminal.
whereis data1 Shows you the location of the data1 file.
Altering your Files
rm data1 Deletes the file data1 in the current directory.
rm -i muon* Removes all of your muon data files
(careful!! rm * will remove ALL your files)
The "-i" makes the computer prompt before removing each file. If you really want to work without a net, omit the "-i".
cp data1 newdata/ will copy the file data1 to the directory newdata (assuming it has already been created)
mv data1 newdata/ moves the file data1 to the folder newdata and deletes the old one.
Using the Floppy Disk Drive in Linux
The simplest way to access the floppy drive under Linux is to use the Explorer-like interface. However, there is a very important detail! To access the files on the disk, you have to mount the floppy disk, which means that the operating system will scan the disk so that it can recognize the files on it. Although your computer will be perfectly happy to allow you to remove the disk by pushing the eject key on the laptop floppy drive, this may result in unexpected actions unless you unmount the disk. For example, your files may be only partly there or not there at all! (This is no different then under Windows or DOS; its just that those operating systems hide that detail from you a little better. This is why, for example, you must eject floppy disks from the disk properties menu in Windows.)
In the Explorer interface, to mount the floppy, you just double click on the desktop icon. This will bring up a window with the contents of the floppy, and you may drag and drop files there, or take any other actions you would with normal files. (Note: unlike in Windows and MacOS, when you drag a file from your home area to the floppy, it moves the file instead of making a copy.)
To remove the disk, you must first right-click on the desktop icon, and select Unmount volume or Eject (either does the same thing). When this is complete (and it may take a long time since it may have to complete writing files to the floppy!), you may push the eject button on the floppy to remove it.
Things are more complicated by possible in the terminal mode:
mount Mounts a drive to the operating system.
Linux does not 'see' the floppy drive until
you tell it to.
For Example:
mount /mnt/floppy-Allows you to use the floppy drive which has directory name /mnt/floppy
cp aFile /mnt/floppy/-Copies the file aFile to the floppy disk.
ls /mnt/qfloppy/-Allows you to see what files are on your floppy.
You may run into problems moving large files onto a 1.44MB floppy disk. One option to fit larger files is to create a zip archive containing the file onto the floppy. For Example:
zip /mnt/floppy/myFile.zip muon.myDataRun -Moves the file muon.myDataRun into a zip file on the floppy named myFile.zip
After you are done and before you eject it (this is very, very important), you must unmount the floppy.
umount /mnt/qfloppy-Allows you to remove the floppy disk
Make sure you wait for the command prompt to reappear (this might take a few seconds) before ejecting the floppy.
If you eject the floppy before you unmount the floppy, it may corrupt the data on the floppy and cause the system to be confused if you try to use the floppy again.
If you make a mistake like this, it's probably best to reboot. Sorry.
df- Shows the disk usage. This will tell you how much disk space you have left on your hard drive as well as the floppy.
:so more commands are as follows :
alias Create an alias •
apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)
apt-get Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
aspell Spell Checker
awk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
b
basename Strip directory and suffix from filenames
bash GNU Bourne-Again SHell
bc Arbitrary precision calculator language
bg Send to background
break Exit from a loop •
builtin Run a shell builtin
bzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)
c
cal Display a calendar
case Conditionally perform a command
cat Concatenate and print (display) the content of files
cd Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
chkconfig System services (runlevel)
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
command Run a command - ignoring shell functions •
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop •
cp Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit Split a file into context-determined pieces
cut Divide a file into several parts
d
date Display or change the date & time
dc Desk Calculator
dd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
ddrescue Data recovery tool
declare Declare variables and give them attributes •
df Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files
dig DNS lookup
dir Briefly list directory contents
dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories
dmesg Print kernel & driver messages
du Estimate file space usage
e
echo Display message on screen •
egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
eject Eject removable media
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands •
env Environment variables
ethtool Ethernet card settings
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal
expand Convert tabs to spaces
export Set an environment variable
expr Evaluate expressions
f
false Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
fg Send job to foreground
fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
file Determine file type
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width.
for Expand words, and execute commands
format Format disks or tapes
free Display memory usage
fsck File system consistency check and repair
ftp File Transfer Protocol
function Define Function Macros
fuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file
g
gawk Find and Replace text within file(s)
getopts Parse positional parameters
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groupadd Add a user security group
groupdel Delete a group
groupmod Modify a group
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)
h
hash Remember the full pathname of a name argument
head Output the first part of file(s)
help Display help for a built-in command •
history Command History
hostname Print or set system name
i
iconv Convert the character set of a file
id Print user and group id's
if Conditionally perform a command
ifconfig Configure a network interface
ifdown Stop a network interface
ifup Start a network interface up
import Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
install Copy files and set attributes
j
jobs List active jobs •
join Join lines on a common field
k
kill Stop a process from running
killall Kill processes by name
l
less Display output one screen at a time
let Perform arithmetic on shell variables •
ln Create a symbolic link to a file
local Create variables •
locate Find files
logname Print current login name
logout Exit a login shell •
look Display lines beginning with a given string
lpc Line printer control program
lpr Off line print
lprint Print a file
lprintd Abort a print job
lprintq List the print queue
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
ls List information about file(s)
lsof List open files
m
make Recompile a group of programs
man Help manual
mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
mknod Make block or character special files
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files
mtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)
mv Move or rename files or directories
mmv Mass Move and rename (files)
n
netstat Networking information
nice Set the priority of a command or job
nl Number lines and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangups
notify-send Send desktop notifications
nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively
o
open Open a file in its default application
op Operator access
p
passwd Modify a user password
paste Merge lines of files
pathchk Check file name portability
ping Test a network connection
pkill Stop processes from running
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr Prepare files for printing
printcap Printer capability database
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data •
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd Print Working Directory
q
quota Display disk usage and limits
quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas
r
ram ram disk device
rcp Copy files between two machines
read Read a line from standard input •
readarray Read from stdin into an array variable •
readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
reboot Reboot the system
rename Rename files
renice Alter priority of running processes
remsync Synchronize remote files via email
return Exit a shell function
rev Reverse lines of a file
rm Remove files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
s
screen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh
scp Secure copy (remote file copy)
sdiff Merge two files interactively
sed Stream Editor
select Accept keyboard input
seq Print numeric sequences
set Manipulate shell variables and functions
sftp Secure File Transfer Program
shift Shift positional parameters
shopt Shell Options
shutdown Shutdown or restart linux
sleep Delay for a specified time
slocate Find files
sort Sort text files
source Run commands from a file `.'
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
ssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)
strace Trace system calls and signals
su Substitute user identity
sudo Execute a command as another user
sum Print a checksum for a file
suspend Suspend execution of this shell •
symlink Make a new name for a file
sync Synchronize data on disk with memory
t
tail Output the last part of file
tar Tape ARchiver
tee Redirect output to multiple files
test Evaluate a conditional expression
time Measure Program running time
times User and system times
touch Change file timestamps
top List processes running on the system
traceroute Trace Route to Host
trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tsort Topological sort
tty Print filename of terminal on stdin
type Describe a command •
u
ulimit Limit user resources •
umask Users file creation mask
umount Unmount a device
unalias Remove an alias •
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unshar Unpack shell archive scripts
until Execute commands (until error)
uptime Show uptime
useradd Create new user account
userdel Delete a user account
usermod Modify user account
users List users currently logged in
uuencode Encode a binary file
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode
v
v Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vi Text Editor
vmstat Report virtual memory statistics
w
wait Wait for a process to complete •
watch Execute/display a program periodically
wc Print byte, word, and line counts
whereis Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program
which Search the user's $path for a program file
while Execute commands
who Print all usernames currently logged in
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
write Send a message to another user
x
xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.
yes Print a string until interrupted
. Run a command script in the current shell
!! Run the last command again
### Comment / Remark
hit like if you liked it !
No comments:
Post a Comment